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1、网络拓扑
网络拓扑如下所示,我们在这里用到了三台机子做实验,分别是①、④、⑦号机,使用①号机 ping⑦号机,④号机作为路由转发。
开启 Linux 路由转发功能
http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2010-06/26654.htm
2、错误的路由配置
首先我们使用如下的配置方法,配置这三台机子的路由表:
1)在①号机种配置如下,让目的网段是 10.0.4.0/24 的从 eth1 端口出去
- route add –net 10.0.4.0/24 dev eth1
在①号机的查看路由表输入如下命令:
- route –n
①号机的路由表的结果如下:
2)在⑦号机使用同样方法配置路由,结果如下:
3)在 4 号机配置路由转发功能,即将 /etc/sysctl.conf 文件里面的 net.ipv4.ip_forward 的值置 1:
4)所有的配置已经完成,我们在①号机 ping④号机
- ping 10.0.4.3
结果如下,即 ping 不通:
- PING 10.0.4.3(10.0.4.3)56(84) bytes of data.
- From10.0.1.3 icmp_seq=2DestinationHostUnreachable
- From10.0.1.3 icmp_seq=3DestinationHostUnreachable
- From10.0.1.3 icmp_seq=4DestinationHostUnreachable
- From10.0.1.3 icmp_seq=6DestinationHostUnreachable
- From10.0.1.3 icmp_seq=7DestinationHostUnreachable
- From10.0.1.3 icmp_seq=8DestinationHostUnreachable
这里为了方便研究,把①号机的 eth1 配置放出来
- eth1 Link encap:EthernetHWaddr00:16:EC:AF:CB:CB
- inet addr:10.0.1.3Bcast:10.255.255.255Mask:255.255.255.0
- inet6 addr: fe80::216:ecff:feaf:cbcb/64Scope:Link
- UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500Metric:1
- RX packets:4564 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
- TX packets:6688 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
- collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
- RX bytes:459463(448.6KiB) TX bytes:546633(533.8KiB)
- Interrupt:23Base address:0x6000
在①号机 ping 的同时,我在④号机抓 eth1 包,结果如下:
- [root@h4~]# tcpdump –i eth1 –enn
- tcpdump: verbose output suppressed,use–v or–vv for full protocol decode
- listening on eth1, link–type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes
- 15:26:44.38861400:16:ec:af:cb:cb > ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 60:Request who–has 10.0.4.3 tell 10.0.1.3, length 46
- 15:26:45.39101400:16:ec:af:cb:cb > ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 60:Request who–has 10.0.4.3 tell 10.0.1.3, length 46
- 15:26:47.38782100:16:ec:af:cb:cb > ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 60:Request who–has 10.0.4.3 tell 10.0.1.3, length 46
- 15:26:48.39122000:16:ec:af:cb:cb > ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 60:Request who–has 10.0.4.3 tell 10.0.1.3, length 46
- 15:26:49.39262100:16:ec:af:cb:cb > ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff, ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 60:Request who–has 10.0.4.3 tell 10.0.1.3, length 46
可见①号一直在寻找配有 10.0.4.3 IP 的机子的 mac 地址,即一直在发 arp 包。但是路由器(④号机)默认是不转发 arp 报文的,所有①号机永远也 ping 不通⑦号机。
3、正确的配置
在①号机种配置路由,命令如下:
- route add –net 10.0.4.0/24 gw 10.0.1.2
这时候①号机的 路由表:
- [root@h1 ~]#
- [root@h1 ~]# route –n
- Kernel IP routing table
- DestinationGatewayGenmaskFlagsMetricRefUseIface
- 10.0.4.010.0.1.2255.255.255.0 UG 000 eth1
- 10.0.5.00.0.0.0255.255.255.0 U 000 eth2
- 10.0.1.00.0.0.0255.255.255.0 U 000 eth1
- 192.168.99.00.0.0.0255.255.255.0 U 100 eth0
- 0.0.0.0192.168.99.10.0.0.0 UG 000 eth0
同样的方法配置⑦号机的路由表
- root@h7:~# route –n
- 内核 IP 路由表
- 目标 网关 子网掩码 标志 跃点 引用 使用 接口
- 0.0.0.0192.168.99.10.0.0.0 UG 000 eth0
- 10.0.1.010.0.4.2255.255.255.0 UG 000 eth1
- 10.0.4.00.0.0.0255.255.255.0 U 100 eth1
- 10.0.7.00.0.0.0255.255.255.0 U 100 eth2
- 192.168.99.00.0.0.0255.255.255.0 U 100 eth0
下面再进行 ping 测试,在①号机 ping⑦号机,结果能够 ping 通。在这里我们问了方便分析, 首先列出各网卡的 MAC 地址
- ①号机 eth1:HWaddr00:16:EC:AF:CB:CB
- ④号机 eth1:HWaddr40:61:86:32:8F:0B
- ④号机 eth4:HWaddr40:61:86:32:8F:0E
- ⑦号机 eth1:HWaddr00:25:90:93:40:79
④号机 eth1 抓包如下:
- [root@h4 ~]# tcpdump –i eth1 –enn
- tcpdump: verbose output suppressed,use–v or–vv for full protocol decode
- listening on eth1, link–type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes
- 16:02:26.80944500:16:ec:af:cb:cb >40:61:86:32:8f:0b, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.1.3>10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 1, length 64
- 16:02:26.81072340:61:86:32:8f:0b>00:16:ec:af:cb:cb, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.4.3>10.0.1.3: ICMP echo reply, id 8079, seq 1, length 64
- 16:02:27.81184700:16:ec:af:cb:cb >40:61:86:32:8f:0b, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.1.3>10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 2, length 64
- 16:02:27.81313640:61:86:32:8f:0b>00:16:ec:af:cb:cb, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.4.3>10.0.1.3: ICMP echo reply, id 8079, seq 2, length 64
- 16:02:28.81324800:16:ec:af:cb:cb >40:61:86:32:8f:0b, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.1.3>10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 3, length 64
- 16:02:28.81455140:61:86:32:8f:0b>00:16:ec:af:cb:cb, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.4.3>10.0.1.3: ICMP echo reply, id 8079, seq 3, length 64
- 16:02:29.81464800:16:ec:af:cb:cb >40:61:86:32:8f:0b, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.1.3>10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 4, length 64
④号机 eth4 抓包如下:
- root@h4 ~]# tcpdump –i eth4 –enn
- tcpdump: verbose output suppressed,use–v or–vv for full protocol decode
- listening on eth4, link–type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes
- 16:02:26.80946040:61:86:32:8f:0e>00:25:90:93:40:79, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.1.3>10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 1, length 64
- 16:02:26.81071500:25:90:93:40:79>40:61:86:32:8f:0e, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.4.3>10.0.1.3: ICMP echo reply, id 8079, seq 1, length 64
- 16:02:27.81185340:61:86:32:8f:0e>00:25:90:93:40:79, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.1.3>10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 2, length 64
- 16:02:27.81313000:25:90:93:40:79>40:61:86:32:8f:0e, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.4.3>10.0.1.3: ICMP echo reply, id 8079, seq 2, length 64
- 16:02:28.81325540:61:86:32:8f:0e>00:25:90:93:40:79, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.1.3>10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 3, length 64
- 16:02:28.81454500:25:90:93:40:79>40:61:86:32:8f:0e, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.4.3>10.0.1.3: ICMP echo reply, id 8079, seq 3, length 64
⑦号机 eth1 抓包如下:
- root@h7:~# tcpdump –i eth1 –enn
- tcpdump: verbose output suppressed,use–v or–vv for full protocol decode
- listening on eth1, link–type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes
- 16:02:27.22285340:61:86:32:8f:0e>00:25:90:93:40:79, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.1.3>10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 1, length 64
- 16:02:27.22286700:25:90:93:40:79>40:61:86:32:8f:0e, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.4.3>10.0.1.3: ICMP echo reply, id 8079, seq 1, length 64
- 16:02:28.22522640:61:86:32:8f:0e>00:25:90:93:40:79, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.1.3>10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 2, length 64
- 16:02:28.22523700:25:90:93:40:79>40:61:86:32:8f:0e, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.4.3>10.0.1.3: ICMP echo reply, id 8079, seq 2, length 64
- 16:02:29.22663840:61:86:32:8f:0e>00:25:90:93:40:79, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.1.3>10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 3, length 64
- 16:02:29.22664900:25:90:93:40:79>40:61:86:32:8f:0e, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.4.3>10.0.1.3: ICMP echo reply, id 8079, seq 3, length 64
- 16:02:30.22805940:61:86:32:8f:0e>00:25:90:93:40:79, ethertype IPv4(0x0800), length 98:10.0.1.3>10.0.4.3: ICMP echo request, id 8079, seq 4, length 64
从抓取的包中我们不难看出,①号机在 ping ⑦号机时,由于其中路由表配置了通过四号机的 eth1(10.0.1.2)地址,这个地址对应的 mac①号机已经缓存了,所有没有进行 arp 广播就直接开 始发送 ICMP 包,并且目的 ip 是⑦号机,目的 MAC 是④号机的 eth1 的,之后在④号机路由中又将目的 MAC 变成了④号机的 eth4 的,目的 ip 不变,回来的过程相仿。
4、结论
由 于 linux 路由器默认不转发 arp 报文到, 所有若像”错误的配置“那样配置路由,①号机一直处在询问目的 MAC 的阶段而无法让路由器④号机转发数据包,所有我们可以通过”正确的配置“那样配置路由让①号机使用④号机 eth1 的 MAC 出去,然后再一步一步转发。或者通过”错误的配置“那样配置路由,然后在 ④号机中使用 arp 代理,从而让①号机获得⑦号机的 MAC,从而从发送 arp 报文阶段到发送 ICMP 包阶段。