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人生不如意之事十之八九,合并分支往往也不是一帆风顺的。
准备新的 feature1
分支,继续我们的新分支开发:
$ git switch -c feature1 | |
Switched to a new branch 'feature1' |
修改 readme.txt
最后一行,改为:
Creating a new branch is quick AND simple.
在 feature1
分支上提交:
$ git add readme.txt | |
$ git commit -m "AND simple" | |
[ | ] AND simple|
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) |
切换到 master
分支:
$ git switch master | |
Switched to branch 'master' | |
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit. | |
(use "git push" to publish your local commits) |
Git 还会自动提示我们当前 master
分支比远程的 master
分支要超前 1 个提交。
在 master
分支上把 readme.txt
文件的最后一行改为:
Creating a new branch is quick & simple.
提交:
$ git add readme.txt | |
$ git commit -m "& simple" | |
[ | ] & simple|
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) |
现在,master
分支和 feature1
分支各自都分别有新的提交,变成了这样:
HEAD | |
│ | |
▼ | |
master | |
│ | |
▼ | |
┌───┐ | |
┌─▶│ │ | |
┌───┐ ┌───┐ ┌───┐ │ └───┘ | |
│ │───▶│ │───▶│ │──┤ | |
└───┘ └───┘ └───┘ │ ┌───┐ | |
└─▶│ │ | |
└───┘ | |
▲ | |
│ | |
feature1 | |
这种情况下,Git 无法执行“快速合并”,只能试图把各自的修改合并起来,但这种合并就可能会有冲突,我们试试看:
$ git merge feature1 | |
Auto-merging readme.txt | |
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in readme.txt | |
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result. |
果然冲突了!Git 告诉我们,readme.txt
文件存在冲突,必须手动解决冲突后再提交。git status
也可以告诉我们冲突的文件:
$ git status | |
On branch master | |
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 2 commits. | |
(use "git push" to publish your local commits) | |
You have unmerged paths. | |
(fix conflicts and run "git commit") | |
(use "git merge --abort" to abort the merge) | |
Unmerged paths: | |
(use "git add <file>..." to mark resolution) | |
both modified: readme.txt | |
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a") |
我们可以直接查看 readme.txt 的内容:
Git is a distributed version control system. | |
Git is free software distributed under the GPL. | |
Git has a mutable index called stage. | |
Git tracks changes of files. | |
<<<<<<< HEAD | |
Creating a new branch is quick & simple. | |
======= | |
Creating a new branch is quick AND simple. | |
>>>>>>> feature1 |
Git 用 <<<<<<<
,=======
,>>>>>>>
标记出不同分支的内容,我们修改如下后保存:
Git is a distributed version control system. | |
Git is free software distributed under the GPL. | |
Git has a mutable index called stage. | |
Git tracks changes of files. | |
Creating a new branch is quick and simple. |
再提交:
$ git add readme.txt | |
$ git commit -m "conflict fixed" | |
[fixed | ] conflict
现在,master
分支和 feature1
分支变成了下图所示:
HEAD | |
│ | |
▼ | |
master | |
│ | |
▼ | |
┌───┐ ┌───┐ | |
┌─▶│ │───▶│ │ | |
┌───┐ ┌───┐ ┌───┐ │ └───┘ └───┘ | |
│ │───▶│ │───▶│ │──┤ ▲ | |
└───┘ └───┘ └───┘ │ ┌───┐ │ | |
└─▶│ │──────┘ | |
└───┘ | |
▲ | |
│ | |
feature1 | |
用带参数的 git log
也可以看到分支的合并情况:
$ git log --graph --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit | |
* cf810e4 (HEAD -> master) conflict fixed | |
|\ | |
| * 14096d0 (feature1) AND simple | |
* | 5dc6824 & simple | |
|/ | |
* b17d20e branch test | |
* d46f35e (origin/master) remove test.txt | |
* b84166e add test.txt | |
* 519219b git tracks changes | |
* e43a48b understand how stage works | |
* 1094adb append GPL | |
* e475afc add distributed | |
* eaadf4e wrote a readme file |
最后,删除 feature1
分支:
$ git branch -d feature1 | |
Deleted branch feature1 (was 14096d0). |
工作完成。
小结
当 Git 无法自动合并分支时,就必须首先解决冲突。解决冲突后,再提交,合并完成。
解决冲突就是把 Git 合并失败的文件手动编辑为我们希望的内容,再提交。
用 git log --graph
命令可以看到分支合并图。
正文完
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