共计 6814 个字符,预计需要花费 18 分钟才能阅读完成。
(一)备份 namenode 的元数据
namenode 中的元数据非常重要,如丢失或者损坏,则整个系统无法使用。因此应该经常对元数据进行备份,最好是异地备份。
1、将元数据复制到远程站点
(1)以下代码将 secondary namenode 中的元数据复制到一个时间命名的目录下,然后通过 scp 命令远程发送到其它机器
#!/bin/bash
export dirname=/mnt/tmpHadoop/dfs/namesecondary/current/`date +%y%m%d%H`
if [! -d ${dirname} ]
then
mkdir ${dirname}
cp /mnt/tmphadoop/dfs/namesecondary/current/* ${dirname}
fi
scp -r ${dirname} slave1:/mnt/namenode_backup/
rm -r ${dirname}
(2)配置 crontab,定时执行此项工作
0 0,8,14,20 * * * bash /mnt/scripts/namenode_backup_script.sh
2、在远程站点中启动一个本地 namenode 守护进程,尝试加载这些备份文件,以确定是否已经进行了正确备份。
(二)数据备份
对于重要的数据,不能完全依赖 HDFS,而是需要进行备份,注意以下几点
(1)尽量异地备份
(2)如果使用 distcp 备份至另一个 hdfs 集群,则不要使用同一版本的 hadoop,避免 hadoop 自身导致数据出错。
(三)文件系统检查
定期在整个文件系统上运行 HDFS 的 fsck 工具,主动查找丢失或者损坏的块。
建议每天执行一次。
[jediael@master ~]$ hadoop fsck /
……省略输出(若有错误,则在此外出现,否则只会出现点,一个点表示一个文件)……
………Status: HEALTHY
Total size: 14466494870 B
Total dirs: 502
Total files: 1592 (Files currently being written: 2)
Total blocks (validated): 1725 (avg. block size 8386373 B)
Minimally replicated blocks: 1725 (100.0 %)
Over-replicated blocks: 0 (0.0 %)
Under-replicated blocks: 648 (37.565216 %)
Mis-replicated blocks: 0 (0.0 %)
Default replication factor: 2
Average block replication: 2.0
Corrupt blocks: 0
Missing replicas: 760 (22.028986 %)
Number of data-nodes: 2
Number of racks: 1
FSCK ended at Sun Mar 01 20:17:57 CST 2015 in 608 milliseconds
The filesystem under path ‘/’ is HEALTHY
(1)若 hdfs-site.xml 中的 dfs.replication 设置为 3,而实现上只有 2 个 datanode,则在执行 fsck 时会出现以下错误;
/hbase/Mar0109_webpage/59ad1be6884739c29d0624d1d31a56d9/il/43e6cd4dc61b49e2a57adf0c63921c09: Under replicated blk_-4711857142889323098_6221. Target Replicas is 3 but found 2 replica(s).
注意,由于原来的 dfs.replication 为 3,后来下线了一台 datanode,并将 dfs.replication 改为 2,但原来已创建的文件也会记录 dfs.replication 为 3,从而出现以上错误,并导致 Under-replicated blocks: 648 (37.565216 %)。
(2)fsck 工具还可以用来检查一个文件包括哪些块,以及这些块分别在哪等
[jediael@master conf]$ hadoop fsck /hbase/Feb2621_webpage/c23aa183c7cb86af27f15d4c2aee2795/s/30bee5fb620b4cd184412c69f70d24a7 -files -blocks -racks
FSCK started by jediael from /10.171.29.191 for path /hbase/Feb2621_webpage/c23aa183c7cb86af27f15d4c2aee2795/s/30bee5fb620b4cd184412c69f70d24a7 at Sun Mar 01 20:39:35 CST 2015
/hbase/Feb2621_webpage/c23aa183c7cb86af27f15d4c2aee2795/s/30bee5fb620b4cd184412c69f70d24a7 21507169 bytes, 1 block(s): Under replicated blk_7117944555454804881_3655. Target Replicas is 3 but found 2 replica(s).
0. blk_7117944555454804881_3655 len=21507169 repl=2 [/default-rack/10.171.94.155:50010, /default-rack/10.251.0.197:50010]
Status: HEALTHY
Total size: 21507169 B
Total dirs: 0
Total files: 1
Total blocks (validated): 1 (avg. block size 21507169 B)
Minimally replicated blocks: 1 (100.0 %)
Over-replicated blocks: 0 (0.0 %)
Under-replicated blocks: 1 (100.0 %)
Mis-replicated blocks: 0 (0.0 %)
Default replication factor: 2
Average block replication: 2.0
Corrupt blocks: 0
Missing replicas: 1 (50.0 %)
Number of data-nodes: 2
Number of racks: 1
FSCK ended at Sun Mar 01 20:39:35 CST 2015 in 0 milliseconds
The filesystem under path ‘/hbase/Feb2621_webpage/c23aa183c7cb86af27f15d4c2aee2795/s/30bee5fb620b4cd184412c69f70d24a7’ is HEALTHY
此命令的用法如下:
[jediael@master ~]$ hadoop fsck -files
Usage: DFSck <path> [-move | -delete | -openforwrite] [-files [-blocks [-locations | -racks]]]
<path> start checking from this path
-move move corrupted files to /lost+found
-delete delete corrupted files
-files print out files being checked
-openforwrite print out files opened for write
-blocks print out block report
-locations print out locations for every block
-racks print out network topology for data-node locations
By default fsck ignores files opened for write, use -openforwrite to report such files. They are usually tagged CORRUPT or HEALTHY depending on their block allocation status
Generic options supported are
-conf <configuration file> specify an application configuration file
-D <property=value> use value for given property
-fs <local|namenode:port> specify a namenode
-jt <local|jobtracker:port> specify a job tracker
-files <comma separated list of files> specify comma separated files to be copied to the map reduce cluster
-libjars <comma separated list of jars> specify comma separated jar files to include in the classpath.
-archives <comma separated list of archives> specify comma separated archives to be unarchived on the compute machines.
The general command line syntax is
bin/hadoop command [genericOptions] [commandOptions]
详细解释请见《hadoop 权威指南》P376
(四)均衡器
随时时间推移,各个 datanode 上的块分布来越来越不均衡,这将降低 MR 的本地性,导致部分 datanode 相对更加繁忙。
均衡器是一个 hadoop 守护进程,它将块从忙碌的 DN 移动相对空闲的 DN,同时坚持块复本放置策略,将复本分散到不同的机器、机架。
建议定期执行均衡器,如每天或者每周。
(1)通过以下命令运行均衡器
[jediael@master log]$ start-balancer.sh
starting balancer, logging to /var/log/hadoop/hadoop-jediael-balancer-master.out
查看日志如下:
[jediael@master hadoop]$ pwd
/var/log/hadoop
[jediael@master hadoop]$ ls
hadoop-jediael-balancer-master.log hadoop-jediael-balancer-master.out
[jediael@master hadoop]$ cat hadoop-jediael-balancer-master.log
2015-03-01 21:08:08,027 INFO org.apache.hadoop.net.NetworkTopology: Adding a new node: /default-rack/10.251.0.197:50010
2015-03-01 21:08:08,028 INFO org.apache.hadoop.net.NetworkTopology: Adding a new node: /default-rack/10.171.94.155:50010
2015-03-01 21:08:08,028 INFO org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.balancer.Balancer: 0 over utilized nodes:
2015-03-01 21:08:08,028 INFO org.apache.hadoop.hdfs.server.balancer.Balancer: 0 under utilized nodes:
(2)均衡器将每个 DN 的使用率与整个集群的使用率接近,这个“接近”是通过 -threashold 参数指定的,默认是 10%。
(3)不同节点之间复制数据的带宽是受限的,默认是 1MB/s,可以通过 hdfs-site.xml 文件中的 dfs.balance.bandwithPerSec 属性指定(单位是字节)。
(五)datanode 块扫描器
每个 datanode 均会运行一个块扫描器,定期检测本节点上的所有块,若发现存在错误(如检验和错误),则通知 namenode,然后由 namenode 发起数据重新创建复本或者修复。
扫描周期由 dfs.datanode.scan.period.hours 指定,默认为三周(504 小时)。
通过地址以下地址查看扫描信息:
(1)http://datanote:50075/blockScannerReport
列出总体的检测情况
Total Blocks : 1919
Verified in last hour : 4
Verified in last day : 170
Verified in last week : 535
Verified in last four weeks : 535
Verified in SCAN_PERIOD : 535
Not yet verified : 1384
Verified since restart : 559
Scans since restart : 91
Scan errors since restart : 0
Transient scan errors : 0
Current scan rate limit KBps : 1024
Progress this period : 113%
Time left in cur period : 97.14%
(2)http://123.56.92.95:50075/blockScannerReport?listblocks
列出所有的块及最新验证状态
blk_8482244195562050998_3796 : status : ok type : none scan time : 0 not yet verified
blk_3985450615149803606_7952 : status : ok type : none scan time : 0 not yet verified
尚未验证的情况如上。各字段意义可参考权威指南 P379
Hadoop 权威指南(中文版 - 带目录索引)PDF http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2013-05/84948.htm
Hadoop 权威指南(中文第 2 版)PDF http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2012-07/65972.htm
Ubuntu14.04 下 Hadoop2.4.1 单机 / 伪分布式安装配置教程 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2015-02/113487.htm
CentOS 安装和配置 Hadoop2.2.0 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2014-01/94685.htm
Ubuntu 13.04 上搭建 Hadoop 环境 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2013-06/86106.htm
Ubuntu 12.10 +Hadoop 1.2.1 版本集群配置 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2013-09/90600.htm
Ubuntu 上搭建 Hadoop 环境(单机模式 + 伪分布模式)http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2013-01/77681.htm
单机版搭建 Hadoop 环境图文教程详解 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2012-02/53927.htm
搭建 Hadoop 环境(在 Winodws 环境下用虚拟机虚拟两个 Ubuntu 系统进行搭建)http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2011-12/48894.htm
更多 Hadoop 相关信息见Hadoop 专题页面 http://www.linuxidc.com/topicnews.aspx?tid=13