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简介:
LVM (Logical Volume Manager) 逻辑卷管理
一、创建 LV
1、首先在你的虚拟机上添加一块新的硬盘用来做实验。
2、安装 lvm : yum -y install lvm2
3、查看新添加的磁盘
shell > fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
## 其中,/dev/sdb 就是我新添加的磁盘了
4、创建物理分区
shell > fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x62beb6a4.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won’t be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It’s strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command ‘c’) and change display units to
sectors (command ‘u’).
Command (m for help): m # 帮助信息
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition # 删除一个分区
l list known partition types # 打印分区类型对应的 ID 号
m print this menu
n add a new partition # 添加一个分区
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table # 打印分区表
q quit without saving changes # 不保存退出
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition’s system id # 更改分区 ID
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit # 保存退出
x extra functionality (experts only)
## 执行的命令是 fdisk /dev/sdb .
Command (m for help): n # 执行添加分区指令
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p # 添加一个主分区
Partition number (1-4): 1 # 分区号为 1
First cylinder (1-2610, default 1): # 分区起始位置(直接回车)
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2610, default 2610): +1024M # 分区结束位置(+1024M 表示 1G 大小)
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (133-2610, default 133):
Using default value 133
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (133-2610, default 2610): +1024M
Command (m for help): p # 执行打印分区表
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x62beb6a4
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 83 Linux
## 可以看到分了两个区 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2
Command (m for help): t # 执行更改分区 ID(83 表示 Linux 普通分区、82 表示 swap、8e 表示 LVM)
Partition number (1-4): 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-4): 2
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 2 to 8e (Linux LVM)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x62beb6a4
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 8e Linux LVM
## 已经看到分区 ID 变为 8e ; 文件系统为 Linux LVM
Command (m for help): w # 执行保存退出
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
shell > fdisk -l /dev/sdb
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x62beb6a4
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 132 1060258+ 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 8e Linux LVM
## 可以看到磁盘 /dev/sdb 有两个分区 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2
5、创建 PV(物理卷)
shell > pvcreate /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2
Physical volume “/dev/sdb1” successfully created
Physical volume “/dev/sdb2” successfully created
## 使用 pvcreate 创建 PV 后面跟想要创建的分区
shell > pvscan
PV /dev/sda3 VG vg_study lvm2 [18.80 GiB / 0 free]
PV /dev/sdb1 lvm2 [1.01 GiB]
PV /dev/sdb2 lvm2 [1.01 GiB]
Total: 3 [20.82 GiB] / in use: 1 [18.80 GiB] / in no VG: 2 [2.02 GiB]
## 使用 pvscan、pvdisplay、pvs 都可以查看 PV
## PV /dev/sdb1 pv /dev/sdb2 为我新创建的 PV 大小为 1G(PV /dev/sda3 为之前创建的属 VG vg_study)
6、创建 VG(卷组)
shell > vgcreate my_vg /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2
Volume group “my_vg” successfully created
## 使用 vgcreate 创建卷组,后面接 vg 名,接 pv
shell > vgdisplay
— Volume group —
VG Name my_vg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 2.02 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 516
Alloc PE / Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 516 / 2.02 GiB
VG UUID ynCJG8-ZIvI-9gBF-dO5K-aQws-N9WW-r26hch
## 同样可以使用 vgscan、vgs、vgdisplay 来查看 VG
## 可以看到 VG 名为 my_vg、VG 大小为 2G、PE 大小 4M 等
7、创建 LV(逻辑卷)
shell > lvcreate -L 2G -n my_lv my_vg
Logical volume “my_lv” created
## 使用 lvcreate 创建 LV,-L 指定 LV 大小,-n 指定 LV 名称,后面接 VG 名
shell > lvdisplay
— Logical volume —
LV Path /dev/my_vg/my_lv
LV Name my_lv
VG Name my_vg
LV UUID j9Bduh-3TB9-Owhz-X3PX-fVeQ-bvJe-OAFBVp
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time study.localhost.localdomain, 2014-11-26 11:14:28 +0800
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 2.00 GiB
Current LE 512
Segments 2
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
– currently set to 256
Block device 253:1
## 同样可以使用 lvscan、lvs、lvdisplay 来查看 LV
## 可以看到 LV 路径 /dev/my_vg/my_lv、LV 名 my_lv、VG 名 my_vg、LV 大小 2G 等
8、创建文件系统(格式化)
shell > mkfs.ext4 /dev/my_vg/my_lv
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
文件系统标签 =
操作系统:Linux
块大小 =4096 (log=2)
分块大小 =4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
131072 inodes, 524288 blocks
26214 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块 =0
Maximum filesystem blocks=536870912
16 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
正在写入 inode 表: 完成
Creating journal (16384 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 32 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
## 使用 mkfs.ext4 格式化为 ext4 文件系统
9、挂载使用
shell > mkdir /data
shell > mount /dev/my_vg/my_lv /data/
shell > df -HT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_study-LogVol00 ext4 20G 1.4G 18G 8% /
tmpfs tmpfs 521M 0 521M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 ext4 204M 30M 164M 16% /boot
/dev/mapper/my_vg-my_lv ext4 2.2G 71M 2.0G 4% /data
## 创建 /data 目录,将 /dev/my_vg/my_lv 挂载到 /data
shell > umount /data/
shell > blkid /dev/my_vg/my_lv
/dev/my_vg/my_lv: UUID=”a8cb322e-1872-4ea8-bfba-f21b678bc849″ TYPE=”ext4″
shell > echo “UUID=”a8cb322e-1872-4ea8-bfba-f21b678bc849″ /data ext4 defaults 0 0” >> /etc/fstab
shell > mount -a
shell > df -HT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_study-LogVol00 ext4 20G 1.5G 18G 8% /
tmpfs tmpfs 521M 0 521M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 ext4 204M 30M 164M 16% /boot
/dev/mapper/my_vg-my_lv ext4 2.2G 71M 2.0G 4% /data
## 也可以使用 blkid 生成 UUID 然后写入到 /etc/fstab 文件中,实现开机自动挂载
二、扩容 LV
1、首先创建物理分区(重点是这次创建后要格式化)
2、创建 PV
3、扩容 VG
shell > vgextend my_vg /dev/sdb3
Volume group “my_vg” successfully extended
## 使用 vgextend 指令扩展 VG,后面接要扩展的 VG 名,后面接将哪个 PV 扩展进去
shell > vgdisplay my_vg
— Volume group —
VG Name my_vg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 3
Metadata Sequence No 3
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 1
Max PV 0
Cur PV 3
Act PV 3
VG Size 3.02 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 774
Alloc PE / Size 512 / 2.00 GiB
Free PE / Size 262 / 1.02 GiB
VG UUID ynCJG8-ZIvI-9gBF-dO5K-aQws-N9WW-r26hch
## 可以使用 vgdisplay my_vg 来指定查看哪个 VG
## 可以看到 VG 总大小为 3G、已使用 2G、空闲 1G(因为我们扩进去 1G 的 PV)
4、扩容 LV
shell > lvextend -L +1G /dev/my_vg/my_lv
Size of logical volume my_vg/my_lv changed from 2.00 GiB (512 extents) to 3.00 GiB (768 extents).
Logical volume my_lv successfully resized
## 使用 lvextend 扩容 LV,-L 指定扩多大,后面接 LV 实际路径 /dev/my_vg/my_lv
shell > lvdisplay /dev/my_vg/my_lv
— Logical volume —
LV Path /dev/my_vg/my_lv
LV Name my_lv
VG Name my_vg
LV UUID j9Bduh-3TB9-Owhz-X3PX-fVeQ-bvJe-OAFBVp
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time study.localhost.localdomain, 2014-11-26 11:14:28 +0800
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 3.00 GiB
Current LE 768
Segments 3
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
– currently set to 256
Block device 253:1
## 可以使用 lvdisplay /dev/my_vg/my_lv 来查看 LV 大小
## LV 大小变为了 3G(原 2G)
5、投入使用
shell > df -HT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_study-LogVol00 ext4 20G 1.4G 18G 8% /
tmpfs tmpfs 521M 0 521M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 ext4 204M 30M 164M 16% /boot
/dev/mapper/my_vg-my_lv ext4 2.2G 71M 2.0G 4% /data
## 我们发现分区 /data 大小还是 2G
shell > resize2fs /dev/my_vg/my_lv
resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem at /dev/my_vg/my_lv is mounted on /data; on-line resizing required
old desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1
Performing an on-line resize of /dev/my_vg/my_lv to 786432 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/my_vg/my_lv is now 786432 blocks long.
shell > df -HT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_study-LogVol00 ext4 20G 1.4G 18G 8% /
tmpfs tmpfs 521M 0 521M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 ext4 204M 30M 164M 16% /boot
/dev/mapper/my_vg-my_lv ext4 3.2G 71M 3.0G 3% /data
## 使用 resize2fs /dev/my_vg/my_lv 重新计算分区大小后 发现扩容到了 3G
三、缩减 LV
1、模拟数据写入
shell > dd if=/dev/zero of=/data/block.db bs=1024M count=1
记录了 1 +0 的读入
记录了 1 +0 的写出
1073741824 字节(1.1 GB) 已复制,81.6381 秒,13.2 MB/ 秒
## 我们使用 dd 命令写了 1G 的数据到 /data
shell > cp /etc/passwd /data/ ## 复制这个文件的目的是验证数据是否丢失
shell > df -HT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_study-LogVol00 ext4 20G 1.4G 18G 8% /
tmpfs tmpfs 521M 0 521M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 ext4 204M 30M 164M 16% /boot
/dev/mapper/my_vg-my_lv ext4 3.2G 1.2G 1.9G 39% /data
## 现在这个剩余空间 我们想把他撤出来 1G
2、首先检查一下文件系统
shell > umount /data/ ## 一定要先 umount
shell > e2fsck -f /dev/my_vg/my_lv
e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
第一步: 检查 inode, 块, 和大小
第二步: 检查目录结构
第 3 步: 检查目录连接性
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
第 5 步: 检查簇概要信息
/dev/my_vg/my_lv: 13/196608 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 291646/786432 blocks
3、重新计算大小
shell > resize2fs /dev/my_vg/my_lv 2G
resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/my_vg/my_lv to 524288 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/my_vg/my_lv is now 524288 blocks long.
## 重新定义大小为 2G
4、缩小 LV
shell > lvreduce -L -1G /dev/my_vg/my_lv
WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 2.00 GiB
THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce my_lv? [y/n]: y
Size of logical volume my_vg/my_lv changed from 3.00 GiB (768 extents) to 2.00 GiB (512 extents).
Logical volume my_lv successfully resized
## 使用 lvreduce 来缩小 LV,-L -1G 缩小 1G
shell > mount -a
shell > df -HT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_study-LogVol00 ext4 20G 1.4G 18G 8% /
tmpfs tmpfs 521M 0 521M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 ext4 204M 30M 164M 16% /boot
/dev/mapper/my_vg-my_lv ext4 2.2G 1.2G 863M 58% /data
shell > ls /data/
block.db lost+found passwd
## 重新挂载分区,发现数据没有问题(仅是测试,没有发现问题)
5、VG 中移除 PV
shell > vgdisplay my_vg
— Volume group —
VG Name my_vg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 3
Metadata Sequence No 6
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 1
Max PV 0
Cur PV 3
Act PV 3
VG Size 3.02 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 774
Alloc PE / Size 637 / 2.49 GiB
Free PE / Size 137 / 548.00 MiB
VG UUID ynCJG8-ZIvI-9gBF-dO5K-aQws-N9WW-r26hch
## 首先我们 vgdisplay my_vg,发现 VG 空闲 548M
shell > pvdisplay
— Physical volume —
PV Name /dev/sdb1
VG Name my_vg
PV Size 1.01 GiB / not usable 3.41 MiB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 258
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 258
PV UUID JB8X8v-jBPU-eOiN-aEOU-TOig-tv01-SuHytd
— Physical volume —
PV Name /dev/sdb2
VG Name my_vg
PV Size 1.01 GiB / not usable 3.44 MiB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 258
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 258
PV UUID YXBMJJ-RyG3-z1xa-tlw6-piaI-cTgj-SIBIlz
— Physical volume —
PV Name /dev/sdb3
VG Name my_vg
PV Size 1.01 GiB / not usable 3.44 MiB
Allocatable yes
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 258
Free PE 137
Allocated PE 121
PV UUID jSpEdJ-fxZh-LP27-rFIM-0gnO-mL2x-PpBJpK
## 其次使用 pvdisplay 查看 PV 的使用情况发现:
/dev/sdb1 PE 空闲 0
/dev/sdb2 PE 空闲 0
/dev/sdb3 PE 空闲 137(上图显示每个 PE 为 4M,那么 /dev/sdb3 总空闲容量 =137*4 = 548M)
## 正好等于 VG 的空闲大小,而 PV /dev/sdb3 大小为 1G,也就是说有部分空间被占用,所以无法移除该 PV
shell > vgreduce my_vg /dev/sdb3
Physical volume “/dev/sdb3” still in use
shell > umount /data/
shell > vgreduce my_vg /dev/sdb3
Physical volume “/dev/sdb3” still in use
## 提示正在被占用,无法移除(umount 分区也不行)
shell > umount /data/
shell > e2fsck -f /dev/my_vg/my_lv
e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
第一步: 检查 inode, 块, 和大小
第二步: 检查目录结构
第 3 步: 检查目录连接性
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
第 5 步: 检查簇概要信息
/dev/my_vg/my_lv: 14/163840 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 289591/652288 blocks
shell > resize2fs /dev/my_vg/my_lv 2G
resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/my_vg/my_lv to 524288 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/my_vg/my_lv is now 524288 blocks long.
shell > lvreduce -L -500M /dev/my_vg/my_lv
WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 2.00 GiB
THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce my_lv? [y/n]: y
Size of logical volume my_vg/my_lv changed from 2.49 GiB (637 extents) to 2.00 GiB (512 extents).
Logical volume my_lv successfully resized
## 我们把 LV 缩小了 500M
shell > vgdisplay my_vg
— Volume group —
VG Name my_vg
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 3
Metadata Sequence No 9
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 3
Act PV 3
VG Size 3.02 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 774
Alloc PE / Size 512 / 2.00 GiB
Free PE / Size 262 / 1.02 GiB
VG UUID ynCJG8-ZIvI-9gBF-dO5K-aQws-N9WW-r26hch
## 现在再看 VG 大小 空闲 1G
shell > pvdisplay
— Physical volume —
PV Name /dev/sdb3
VG Name my_vg
PV Size 1.01 GiB / not usable 3.44 MiB
Allocatable yes
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 258
Free PE 258
Allocated PE 0
PV UUID jSpEdJ-fxZh-LP27-rFIM-0gnO-mL2x-PpBJpK
## pvdisplay 也发现 /dev/sdb3 正好全部空闲
shell > vgreduce my_vg /dev/sdb3
Removed “/dev/sdb3” from volume group “my_vg”
## 已经成功将 PV /dev/sdb3 从 VG my_vg 中移除
shell > vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
my_vg 2 1 0 wz–n- 2.02g 16.00m
## 使用 vgs 可以看到 vg my_vg 中包含 PV 数为 2
6、删除 PV
shell > pvremove /dev/sdb3
Labels on physical volume “/dev/sdb3” successfully wiped
## 使用 pvremove 删除 PV /dev/sdb3
shell > pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/sdb1 my_vg lvm2 a– 1.01g 0
/dev/sdb2 my_vg lvm2 a– 1.01g 16.00m
## 使用 pvs 看到只有两个 PV 了
## 然后 fdisk /dev/sdb 将 sdb3 的 ID 改为 83,保存
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb3,重新挂载到目录,至此 /dev/sdb3 成为普通分区
四、删除整个 lv vg pv
shell > umount /data/
shell > lvremove /dev/my_vg/my_lv
Do you really want to remove active logical volume my_lv? [y/n]: y
Logical volume “my_lv” successfully removed
shell > vgremove my_vg
Volume group “my_vg” successfully removed
shell > pvremove /dev/sdb1
Labels on physical volume “/dev/sdb1” successfully wiped
shell > pvremove /dev/sdb2
Labels on physical volume “/dev/sdb2” successfully wiped
## 删除比创建容易多了 …
LVM2 详解 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2015-09/122976.htm
Ubuntu 上使用 LVM 轻松调整分区并制作快照 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2015-09/122563.htm
使用 LVM 创建弹性磁盘存储——第一部分 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2014-10/107697.htm
在 Linux 中扩展 / 缩减 LVM(第二部分)http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2014-10/107786.htm
在 LVM 中 录制逻辑卷快照并恢复(第三部分)http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2014-11/108867.htm
在 LVM 中设置精简资源调配卷(第四部分)http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2014-11/109757.htm
使用条块化 I / O 管理多个 LVM 磁盘(第五部分)http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2014-12/110532.htm
本文永久更新链接地址:http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2016-04/129975.htm