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1)nginx 的反向代理:proxy_pass
2)nginx 的负载均衡:upstream
下面是 nginx 的反向代理和负载均衡的实例:
负载机:A 机器:103.110.186.8/192.168.1.8
后端机器 1:B 机器:192.168.1.102
后端机器 2:C 机器:192.168.1.103
需求:
1)访问 A 机器的 8080 端口,反向代理到 B 机器的 8080 端口;
访问 A 机器的 8088 端口,反向代理到 C 机器的 8088 端口;
访问http://103.110.86.8:8090/ios,反向代理到 B 机器http://192.168.1.102:8090/ios/
2)访问 A 机器的 80 端口,负载均衡到后端的两台机器 B 和 C 的 80 端口
操作记录:
————————————————————————————–
负载机:A 机器上的操作记录:
1)编译安装 nginx
[root@opd ~]# yum install -y pcre* openssl* gcc gcc+
[root@opd ~]# cd /opt/src
[root@src ~]# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.8.0.tar.gz
[root@src ~]# tar -zxvf nginx-1.8.0.tar.gz
[root@src ~]# cd nginx-1.8.0
# 添加 www 用户,其中 - M 参数表示不添加用户家目录,- s 参数表示指定 shell 类型
[root@nginx-1.8.0 ~]#useradd www -M -s /sbin/nologin
[root@nginx-1.8.0 ~]#vim auto/cc/gcc
# 将这句注释掉 取消 Debug 编译模式 大概在 179 行
#CFLAGS=”$CFLAGS -g”
# 我们再配置下 nginx 编译参数
[root@nginx-1.8.0 ~]# ./configure –prefix=/opt/nginx –user=www –group=www –with-http_stub_status_module –with-http_ssl_module
[root@nginx-1.8.0 ~]#make
[root@nginx-1.8.0 ~]#make install clean
2)配置 nginx
[root@nginx-1.8.0 ~]# cd /opt/nginx/conf
[root@nginx-1.8.0 conf]# vim nginx.conf // 这个可以作为 nginx 安装后的配置规范
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
charset utf-8;
log_format main ‘$http_x_forwarded_for $remote_addr $remote_user [$time_local] “$request” ‘
‘$status $body_bytes_sent “$http_referer” ‘
‘”$http_user_agent” “$http_cookie” $host $request_time’;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
fastcgi_connect_timeout 3000;
fastcgi_send_timeout 3000;
fastcgi_read_timeout 3000;
fastcgi_buffer_size 256k;
fastcgi_buffers 8 256k;
fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 256k;
fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 256k;
fastcgi_intercept_errors on;
client_header_timeout 600s;
client_body_timeout 600s;
client_max_body_size 100m;
client_body_buffer_size 256k;
gzip on;
gzip_min_length 1k;
gzip_buffers 4 16k;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_comp_level 9;
gzip_types text/plain application/x-Javascript text/css application/xml text/javascript application/x-httpd-php;
gzip_vary on;
include vhosts/*.conf;
}
[root@nginx-1.8.0 conf]# ulimit -n 65535
[root@nginx-1.8.0 conf]# mkdir vhosts
[root@nginx-1.8.0 conf]# cd vhosts
配置反向代理和负载均衡
[root@nginx-1.8.0 vhosts]# vim 8080.conf
server {
listen 8080;
server_name localhost;
index index.html index.php index.htm;
root
/var/www/html
;
access_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/8080-access
.log main;
error_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/8080-error
.log;
location / {
proxy_pass http:
//192
.168.1.102:8080;
proxy_redirect off ;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_connect_timeout 300;
# 跟后端服务器连接超时时间,发起握手等候响应时间
proxy_send_timeout 300;
# 后端服务器回传时间,就是在规定时间内后端服务器必须传完所有数据
proxy_read_timeout 600;
# 连接成功后等待后端服务器的响应时间,已经进入后端的排队之中等候处理
proxy_buffer_size 256k;
# 代理请求缓冲区, 会保存用户的头信息以供 nginx 进行处理
proxy_buffers 4 256k;
# 同上,告诉 nginx 保存单个用几个 buffer 最大用多少空间
proxy_busy_buffers_size 256k;
# 如果系统很忙时候可以申请最大的 proxy_buffers
proxy_temp_file_write_size 256k;
#proxy 缓存临时文件的大小
proxy_next_upstream error timeout invalid_header http_500 http_503 http_404;
proxy_max_temp_file_size 128m;
}
}
[root@nginx-1.8.0 vhosts]# cat 8088.conf
server {
listen 8088;
server_name localhost;
index index.html index.php index.htm;
root
/var/www/html
;
access_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/8088-access
.log main;
error_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/8088-error
.log;
location / {
proxy_pass http:
//192
.168.1.103:8088;
proxy_redirect off ;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_connect_timeout 300;
proxy_send_timeout 300;
proxy_read_timeout 600;
proxy_buffer_size 256k;
proxy_buffers 4 256k;
proxy_busy_buffers_size 256k;
proxy_temp_file_write_size 256k;
proxy_next_upstream error timeout invalid_header http_500 http_503 http_404;
proxy_max_temp_file_size 128m;
}
}
—————————————————————————————————————–
下面这个匹配 path 的代理设置需要注意几点:
首先一定要保证目标 B 机器,也就是 192.168.1.102 的 8090 端口站点目录下有这个匹配 path 的目录 ios 存在!!
也就是要保证 A 机器本机能顺利访问到目标 B 机器的 8090 端口的 ios 路径,即:
[root@nginx-1.8.0 vhosts]# curl http://192.168.1.102:8090/ios/ #一定要保证这个能从 A 机器访问成功!
下面几种配置都是可以的:
第一种:
[root@nginx-1.8.0 vhosts]# cat 8090.conf
server {
listen 8090;
server_name localhost;
index index.html index.php index.htm;
root
/var/www/html
;
access_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/8090-access
.log main;
error_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/8090-error
.log;
location
/ios/
{
# 这种情况,这里一定要匹配的是 /ios/,不能是 /ios
proxy_pass http:
//192
.168.1.102:8090;
# 一定要保证 192.168.1.102 机器 8090 端口站点目录下有 ios 目录!否则访问会报错 404!
proxy_redirect off ;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_connect_timeout 300;
proxy_send_timeout 300;
proxy_read_timeout 600;
proxy_buffer_size 256k;
proxy_buffers 4 256k;
proxy_busy_buffers_size 256k;
proxy_temp_file_write_size 256k;
proxy_next_upstream error timeout invalid_header http_500 http_503 http_404;
proxy_max_temp_file_size 128m;
}
}
第二种:
[root@nginx-1.8.0 vhosts]# cat 8090.conf
server {
listen 8090;
server_name localhost;
index index.html index.php index.htm;
root
/var/www/html
;
access_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/8090-access
.log main;
error_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/8090-error
.log;
location
/ios/
{
proxy_pass http:
//192
.168.1.102:8090
/ios/
;
proxy_redirect off ;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_connect_timeout 300;
proxy_send_timeout 300;
proxy_read_timeout 600;
proxy_buffer_size 256k;
proxy_buffers 4 256k;
proxy_busy_buffers_size 256k;
proxy_temp_file_write_size 256k;
proxy_next_upstream error timeout invalid_header http_500 http_503 http_404;
proxy_max_temp_file_size 128m;
}
}
第三种:
[root@nginx-1.8.0 vhosts]# cat 8090.conf
server {
listen 8090;
server_name localhost;
index index.html index.php index.htm;
root
/var/www/html
;
access_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/8090-access
.log main;
error_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/8090-error
.log;
location
/ios
{
proxy_pass http:
//192
.168.1.102:8090
/ios/
; 这种情况,这里一定要匹配的是
/ios/
,不能是
/ios
proxy_redirect off ;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_connect_timeout 300;
proxy_send_timeout 300;
proxy_read_timeout 600;
proxy_buffer_size 256k;
proxy_buffers 4 256k;
proxy_busy_buffers_size 256k;
proxy_temp_file_write_size 256k;
proxy_next_upstream error timeout invalid_header http_500 http_503 http_404;
proxy_max_temp_file_size 128m;
}
}
以上三种配置方法都保证了访问 http://103.110.86.8:8090/ios 会自动变为 http://103.10.86.8:8090/ios/,并代理到 http://192.168.1.102:8090/ios/ 的结果
—————————————————————————————————————–
[root@nginx-1.8.0 vhosts]# cat LB.conf
upstream lb {
server 192.168.1.102:80 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
#max_fails = 3 为允许失败的次数,默认值为 1
server 192.168.1.103:80 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=30s;
#fail_timeout = 30s 当 max_fails 次失败后,暂停将请求分发到该后端服务器的时间
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
index index.html index.php index.htm;
root
/var/www/html
;
access_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/80-access
.log main;
error_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/80-error
.log;
location / {
proxy_pass http:
//lb
;
proxy_redirect off ;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header REMOTE-HOST $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_connect_timeout 300;
proxy_send_timeout 300;
proxy_read_timeout 600;
proxy_buffer_size 256k;
proxy_buffers 4 256k;
proxy_busy_buffers_size 256k;
proxy_temp_file_write_size 256k;
proxy_next_upstream error timeout invalid_header http_500 http_503 http_404;
proxy_max_temp_file_size 128m;
}
}
启动 nginx
[root@nginx-1.8.0 vhosts]# /opt/nginx/sbin/nginx -t【检查配置是否正确】
nginx: the configuration file /opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@host-192-168-1-102 vhosts]# /opt/nginx/sbin/nginx【启动 nginx】
————————————————————————————–
后端机:B 机器上的操作记录:
1)编译安装 nginx
[root@B ~]# yum install -y pcre* openssl* gcc gcc+
[root@B ~]# cd /opt/src
[root@B ~]# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.8.0.tar.gz
[root@B ~]# tar -zxvf nginx-1.8.0.tar.gz
[root@B ~]# cd nginx-1.8.0
# 添加 www 用户,其中 - M 参数表示不添加用户家目录,- s 参数表示指定 shell 类型
[root@nginx-1.8.0 ~]#useradd www -M -s /sbin/nologin
[root@nginx-1.8.0 ~]##vim auto/cc/gcc
# 将这句注释掉 取消 Debug 编译模式 大概在 179 行
#CFLAGS=”$CFLAGS -g”
# 我们再配置下 nginx 编译参数
[root@nginx-1.8.0 ~]# ./configure –prefix=/opt/nginx –user=www –group=www –with-http_stub_status_module –with-http_ssl_module
[root@nginx-1.8.0 ~]#make
[root@nginx-1.8.0 ~]#make install clean
2)配置 nginx
[root@nginx-1.8.0 ~]# cd /opt/nginx/conf
注意,把默认的 nginx.conf 文件中的 server 区域配置注释掉,设置 vhosts 虚拟主机的配置,如下:
[root@nginx-1.8.0 conf]# vim nginx.conf
user www;
worker_processes 8;
events {
worker_connections 65535;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application
/octet-stream
;
charset utf-8;
log_format main
'$http_x_forwarded_for $remote_addr $remote_user [$time_local]"$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent"$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_cookie" $host $request_time'
;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
fastcgi_connect_timeout 3000;
fastcgi_send_timeout 3000;
fastcgi_read_timeout 3000;
fastcgi_buffer_size 256k;
fastcgi_buffers 8 256k;
fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 256k;
fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 256k;
fastcgi_intercept_errors on;
client_header_timeout 600s;
client_body_timeout 600s;
client_max_body_size 100m;
client_body_buffer_size 256k;
gzip
on;
gzip_min_length 1k;
gzip_buffers 4 16k;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_comp_level 9;
gzip_types text
/plain
application
/x-javascript
text
/css
application
/xml
text
/javascript
application
/x-httpd-php
;
gzip_vary on;
include vhosts/*.conf;
}
[root@nginx-1.8.0 conf]# ulimit -n 65535
[root@nginx-1.8.0 conf]# mkdir vhosts
[root@nginx-1.8.0 conf]# cd vhosts
[root@nginx-1.8.0 conf]# vim 8080.conf
server {
listen 8080;
server_name localhost;
index index.html index.php index.htm;
access_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/8080-access
.log main;
error_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/8080-error
.log;
location ~ / {
root
/var/www/html/8080
;
index index.html index.php index.htm;
}
}
[root@nginx-1.8.0 conf]# vim 8090.conf
server {
listen 8090;
server_name localhost;
index index.html index.php index.htm;
access_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/8090-access
.log main;
error_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/8090-error
.log;
location ~ / {
root
/var/www/html/8090
;
# 针对上面匹配 ios 的 path 代理,要保证站点目录 /var/www/html/8080 下有 ios 目录存在
index index.html index.php index.htm;
}
}
[root@nginx-1.8.0 conf]# vim 80.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
index index.html index.php index.htm;
access_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/80-access
.log main;
error_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/80-error
.log;
location ~ / {
root
/var/www/html
;
index index.html index.php index.htm;
}
}
启动 nginx
[root@nginx-1.8.0 vhosts]# /opt/nginx/sbin/nginx -t【检查配置是否正确】
nginx: the configuration file /opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@host-192-168-1-102 vhosts]# /opt/nginx/sbin/nginx【启动 nginx】
————————————————————————————–
后端机:C 机器上的操作记录:
1)编译安装 nginx
[root@C ~]# yum install -y pcre* openssl* gcc gcc+
[root@C ~]# cd /opt/src
[root@C ~]# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.8.0.tar.gz
[root@C ~]# tar -zxvf nginx-1.8.0.tar.gz
[root@C ~]# cd nginx-1.8.0
# 添加 www 用户,其中 - M 参数表示不添加用户家目录,- s 参数表示指定 shell 类型
[root@nginx-1.8.0 ~]#useradd www -M -s /sbin/nologin
[root@nginx-1.8.0 ~]##vim auto/cc/gcc
# 将这句注释掉 取消 Debug 编译模式 大概在 179 行
#CFLAGS=”$CFLAGS -g”
# 我们再配置下 nginx 编译参数
[root@nginx-1.8.0 ~]# ./configure –prefix=/opt/nginx –user=www –group=www –with-http_stub_status_module –with-http_ssl_module
[root@nginx-1.8.0 ~]#make
[root@nginx-1.8.0 ~]#make install clean
2)配置 nginx
[root@nginx-1.8.0 ~]# cd /opt/nginx/conf
注意,把默认的 nginx.conf 文件中的 server 区域配置注释掉,设置 vhosts 虚拟主机的配置,如下:
[root@nginx-1.8.0 conf]# vim nginx.conf
user www;
worker_processes 8;
events {
worker_connections 65535;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application
/octet-stream
;
charset utf-8;
log_format main
'$http_x_forwarded_for $remote_addr $remote_user [$time_local]"$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent"$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_cookie" $host $request_time'
;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
fastcgi_connect_timeout 3000;
fastcgi_send_timeout 3000;
fastcgi_read_timeout 3000;
fastcgi_buffer_size 256k;
fastcgi_buffers 8 256k;
fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 256k;
fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 256k;
fastcgi_intercept_errors on;
client_header_timeout 600s;
client_body_timeout 600s;
client_max_body_size 100m;
client_body_buffer_size 256k;
gzip
on;
gzip_min_length 1k;
gzip_buffers 4 16k;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_comp_level 9;
gzip_types text
/plain
application
/x-javascript
text
/css
application
/xml
text
/javascript
application
/x-httpd-php
;
gzip_vary on;
include vhosts/*.conf;
}
[root@nginx-1.8.0 conf]# vim 80.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
index index.html index.php index.htm;
access_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/80-access
.log main;
error_log
/usr/local/nginx/logs/80-error
.log;
location ~ / {
root
/var/www/html/
;
index index.html index.php index.htm;
}
}
启动 nginx
[root@nginx-1.8.0 vhosts]# /opt/nginx/sbin/nginx -t【检查配置是否正确】
nginx: the configuration file /opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@host-192-168-1-102 vhosts]# /opt/nginx/sbin/nginx【启动 nginx】
到此,上面需求中的 nginx 反向代理和负载均衡就已经配置完成了!
访问 http://103.110.86.8:8080 的结果显示的就是 B 机器,即 http://192.168.1.102:8080 的结果
访问 http://103.110.86.8:8088 的结果显示的就是 C 机器,即 http://192.168.1.108:8088 的结果
访问 http://103.110.86.8:8090/ios 的结果显示的就是 B 机器,即 http://192.168.1.102:8090/ios/ 的结果
访问 http://103.110.86.8 的请求就会被负载给到后端两台机器 http://192.168.1.102 和 http://192.168.1.103
可以在 103.110.86.8 本机可以使用 curl 和 telnet 测试到目标机器是否通顺~
[root@nginx-1.8.0 vhosts]# curl http://192.168.1.102:8080
[root@nginx-1.8.0 vhosts]# telnet 192.168.1.102 8080
——————————————————————————————————————————————–
说明一下:
上面的 nginx 反向代理的需求,除了 nginx 反代配置之外,也可以使用 iptables 的 nat 转发实现。
比如:
访问 A 机器的 8080 端口,反向代理到 B 机器的 80 端口;
iptables 的 nat 转发规则设置如下:
[root@opd ~]# iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -m tcp –dport 8080 -j DNAT –to-destination 192.168.1.102:80
[root@opd ~]# iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -d 192.168.1.102 -p tcp -m tcp –sport 80 -j SNAT –to-source 192.168.1.8
[root@opd ~]# iptables -t filter -A INPUT -p tcp -m state –state NEW -m tcp –dport 8080 -j ACCEPT
[root@opd ~]# service iptables save
**************************************
需要注意的是:
要打开 A 机器的 ip 转发功能:
[root@opd ~]# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
然后后端机器 B 的 route 路由最好也设置成 192.168.1.8
**************************************
这样,访问 http://103.110.86.8:8080 的结果就是 http://192.168.1.102 的结果
本文永久更新链接地址:http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2017-02/140399.htm
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