使用Git与GitHub协同开发并搭建私有GitLab代码托管服务器

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Git 的发展史

Linus在 1991 年创建了开源的 Linux，从此全世界的工程师参与了Linux 的开发，期初 Linus 是通过手动 diff 的方式进行代码审核和合并的，后来 BitKeeper 的东家 BitMover 公司出于人道主义精神，授权 Linux 社区免费使用这个版本控制系统。安定团结的大好局面在 2005 年就被打破了，原因是 Linux 社区牛人聚集，不免沾染了一些梁山好汉的江湖习气。开发 Samba 的 Andrew 试图破解 BitKeepe r 的协议（这么干的其实也不只他一个），被BitMover 公司发现了（监控工作做得不错！），于是 BitMover 公司怒了，要收回 Linux 社区的免费使用权。Linus花了两周时间自己用 C 写了一个分布式版本控制系统，这就是 Git！一个月之内，Linux 系统的源码已经由 Git 管理了！如果当时 BitMover 公司专门为 Linux 发布一个社区版，也许这家公司也就名垂青史了，可是当时这家公司思想境界没那么高而且 Linus 也那么牛！

Ubuntu 安装 Git

niko@niko-notebook:~$ sudo apt install git -y

Windows 安装 Git

基本就是一路 Next 最后 Finsh。

同一团队协作开发

假定存在用户 A 和用户 B，用户 A 创建了一个远程仓库，然后远程仓库 clone 到本地，进行开发完成以后 push 到远程仓库。同时用户 B 也在开发这个项目，首先用户 B 将远程仓库 clone 到本地进行开发，完成后 push 到远程仓库，同时用户 A 再 pull 远程仓库代码同步项目。

跨团队协作开发

假定存在两个开发团队 A 和 B，开发团队 A 的每个成员都拥有一个本地版本库，但是需要开发团队 B 协助开发，那么开发团队会先 fork 一个远程仓库，接着开发团队 B 的成员分别 clone 副本远程仓库到本地进行开发，然后 push 到副本远程仓库。完成后，开发团队 B 向开发团队 A 发出一个 pull request 请求，项目通过审核之后开发团队 A 再 merge 副本库到原始远程库，完成功能合并。

使用 Git 命令行

• 使用 git init 命令初始化一个新的项目

niko@niko-notebook:~$ git init StudyGit
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/niko/StudyGit/.git/

• 使用 git init 命令开始管理一个现有的项目

niko@niko-notebook:~$ mkdir StydyGit
niko@niko-notebook:~$ cd StydyGit/
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/niko/StydyGit/.git/

• 使用 Git 管理一个项目的时候会创建一下文件和目录

niko@niko-notebook:~$ tree StudyGit -a
StudyGit
└── .git
  ├── HEAD
  ├── branches
  ├── config
  ├── description
  ├── hooks
  │  ├── applypatch-msg.sample
  │  ├── commit-msg.sample
  │  ├── fsmonitor-watchman.sample
  │  ├── post-update.sample
  │  ├── pre-applypatch.sample
  │  ├── pre-commit.sample
  │  ├── pre-push.sample
  │  ├── pre-rebase.sample
  │  ├── pre-receive.sample
  │  ├── prepare-commit-msg.sample
  │  └── update.sample
  ├── info
  │  └── exclude
  ├── objects
  │  ├── info
  │  └── pack
  └── refs
      ├── heads
      └── tags

10 directories, 15 files

在 Git 中有 4 个区，分别是工作区、暂存区、本地库、远程库。我们项目开发就是在工作区工作，然后使用 git add 命令将工作区的代码提交到暂存区，使用 git commit 命令将暂存区的文件提交到本地库。Git 的有一个代码托管中心是 GitHub，同样国内还有Google Code， 码云 等。

• 设置 Git 签名

  项目级别（本地）

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git config user.name niko
  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git config user.email niko@163.com

  系统级别（全局）

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git config –global user.name xvge
  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git config –global user.email xvge@163.com

  签名优先级

  就近原则：项目优先级高于系统优先级

  项目级别的配置信息存放到项目目录的 .git/config 文件中：

niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ cat .git/config[core]
      repositoryformatversion = 0
      filemode = true
      bare = false
      logallrefupdates = true
[user]
      name = niko
      email = niko@163.com

• 项目级别的配置信息存放到系统用户目录的 .gitconfig 文件中：

niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ cat ~/.gitconfig[user]
      name = xvge
      email = xvge@163.com

• 查看当前工作区的状态（git status）

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status
  On branch master   # 当前所处的分支
  
  No commits yet
  
  nothing to commit (create/copy files and use "git add" to track)

  当创建一个新文件的时候，这个新的文件处于未被跟踪的状态：

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ echo "Hello, Git." > file.txt  # 创建一个文件
  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status
  On branch master
  
  No commits yet
  
  Untracked files:   # 列出未被追踪的文件
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
  
        file.txt
  
  nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)

• 将工作区的文件提交到暂存区，使得 Git 可以跟踪新文件（git add）

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git add .
  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status
  On branch master
  
  No commits yet
  
  Changes to be committed:    # 列出更改的文件
  (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
  
        new file:   file.txt

• 将暂存区的文件提交到本地库（git commit）

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git commit -m "add file.txt"
  [master (root-commit) 5f9adfe] add file.txt
   1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
   create mode 100644 file.txt

• 查看提交日志（git log）

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git log
  commit e6442a41c339e0fd6d01656cbea24775471ee1ed (HEAD -> master)  # HEAD 表示当前版本
  Author: niko <niko@163.com>
  Date:   Mon Sep 24 12:34:38 2018 +0800
  
      modifiy file.txt  # 提交的注释信息
  
  commit 5f9adfeade857255ef647f855899965274a5fe95   # 40 为 16 进制 SHA-256 值
  Author: niko <niko@163.com>
  Date:   Mon Sep 24 12:16:20 2018 +0800
  
      add file.txt

• 查看提交日志（git log）

  多次修改后的git log

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git log
  commit b4a54420dcea8d480b80797e032d8ed74b430a97 (HEAD -> master)
  Author: niko <niko@163.com>
  Date:   Mon Sep 24 12:40:27 2018 +0800
  
      modifiy file.txt
  
  commit 17acb2424f04c7ec0298e0c59039d19bce8369b6
  Author: niko <niko@163.com>
  Date:   Mon Sep 24 12:39:08 2018 +0800
  
      add file3.txt
  
  commit 80cbf7f5c44e0507439bd97a8976d28b746f4f45
  Author: niko <niko@163.com>
  Date:   Mon Sep 24 12:38:26 2018 +0800
  
      add file2.txt
  
  commit e6442a41c339e0fd6d01656cbea24775471ee1ed
  Author: niko <niko@163.com>
  Date:   Mon Sep 24 12:34:38 2018 +0800
  
      modifiy file.txt
  
  commit 5f9adfeade857255ef647f855899965274a5fe95
  Author: niko <niko@163.com>
  Date:   Mon Sep 24 12:16:20 2018 +0800
  
      add file.txt

  使用git log --pretty=oneline

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git log --pretty=oneline
  b4a54420dcea8d480b80797e032d8ed74b430a97 (HEAD -> master) modifiy file.txt
  17acb2424f04c7ec0298e0c59039d19bce8369b6 add file3.txt
  80cbf7f5c44e0507439bd97a8976d28b746f4f45 add file2.txt
  e6442a41c339e0fd6d01656cbea24775471ee1ed modifiy file.txt
  5f9adfeade857255ef647f855899965274a5fe95 add file.txt

  使用git log --oneline

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git log --oneline
  b4a5442 (HEAD -> master) modifiy file.txt
  17acb24 add file3.txt
  80cbf7f add file2.txt
  e6442a4 modifiy file.txt
  5f9adfe add file.txt

  使用git reflog

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git reflog
  b4a5442 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: commit: modifiy file.txt
  17acb24 HEAD@{1}: commit: add file3.txt
  80cbf7f HEAD@{2}: commit: add file2.txt
  e6442a4 HEAD@{3}: commit: modifiy file.txt
  5f9adfe HEAD@{4}: commit (initial): add file.txt

• 版本回退（git reset）

  参数：

  git reset –soft 回退本地库
  git reset –mixed 默认，回退暂存区、本地库
  git reset –hard 回退暂存区、工作区、本地库

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git reset 80cbf7f

  git reset --soft图示

git reset --mixed图示

git reset --hard图示

• 找回文件（git reset）

niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ ls    # 查看 file2.txt 文件是否存在
file.txt  file2.txt  file3.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ rm -rf file2.txt  # 删除 file2.txt 文件
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ ls  # 确保 file2.txt 文件已经删除
file.txt  file3.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status  # 查看文件跟踪状态
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
(use “git add/rm <file>…” to update what will be committed)
(use “git checkout — <file>…” to discard changes in working directory)

      deleted:    file2.txt

no changes added to commit (use “git add” and/or “git commit -a”)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git add .  # 跟踪当前状态
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git commit -m “del file2.txt”  # 将代码提交到本地库
[master db6e563] del file2.txt
1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)
delete mode 100644 file2.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git reflog  # 查看形成一个版本信息 db6e563
db6e563 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: commit: del file2.txt
bcf8ce2 HEAD@{1}: commit: first reset
80cbf7f HEAD@{2}: reset: moving to 80cbf7f
b4a5442 HEAD@{3}: commit: modifiy file.txt
17acb24 HEAD@{4}: commit: add file3.txt
80cbf7f HEAD@{5}: commit: add file2.txt
e6442a4 HEAD@{6}: commit: modifiy file.txt
5f9adfe HEAD@{7}: commit (initial): add file.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git reset –hard bcf8ce2  # 回退到上一个版本
HEAD is now at bcf8ce2 first reset
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ ls    # file2.txt 文件已经存在
file.txt  file2.txt  file3.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status    # 查看当前跟踪状态
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git reflog  # 生成一个版本信息
bcf8ce2 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to bcf8ce2
db6e563 HEAD@{1}: commit: del file2.txt
bcf8ce2 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{2}: commit: first reset
80cbf7f HEAD@{3}: reset: moving to 80cbf7f
b4a5442 HEAD@{4}: commit: modifiy file.txt
17acb24 HEAD@{5}: commit: add file3.txt
80cbf7f HEAD@{6}: commit: add file2.txt
e6442a4 HEAD@{7}: commit: modifiy file.txt
5f9adfe HEAD@{8}: commit (initial): add file.txt

• git diff

使用 git diff –staged 比较工作区与暂存区的不同。

使用 git diff –cached 比较暂存区与本地库的不同。

分支管理

分支可以并行推进项目的开发，开发的某一个功能如果失败不会影响项目整体。

• 查看分支（git branch -v）

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git branch -v
  * master bcf8ce2 first reset

• 创建分支（git branch branchName）

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git branch hot_fix

• 切换分支（git checkout branchName）

  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git checkout hot_fix
  Switched to branch 'hot_fix'
  niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git branch -v   # 星号所在分支就是当前分支
  * hot_fix bcf8ce2 first reset
  master  bcf8ce2 first reset

• 合并分支（git merge branchName）

niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ vim file3.txt  # 修改文件
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status      # 查看分支状态
On branch hot_fix
Changes not staged for commit:
(use “git add <file>…” to update what will be committed)
(use “git checkout — <file>…” to discard changes in working directory)

      modified:  file3.txt

no changes added to commit (use “git add” and/or “git commit -a”)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git add .      # 添加到当前分支的跟踪状态
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git commit -m “fix bug by xvge”  # 提交代码
[hot_fix 40376b9] fix bug by xvge
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git checkout master  # 切换到主分支
Switched to branch ‘master’
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git merge hot_fix    # 将 hot_fix 合并到 master
Updating bcf8ce2..40376b9
Fast-forward
file3.txt | 1 +
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git stataus        # 查看主分支状态
git: ‘stataus’ is not a git command. See ‘git –help’.

The most similar command is
      status
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git reflog  # 产生几个新版本
40376b9 (HEAD -> master, hot_fix) HEAD@{0}: merge hot_fix: Fast-forward
bcf8ce2 HEAD@{1}: checkout: moving from hot_fix to master
40376b9 (HEAD -> master, hot_fix) HEAD@{2}: commit: fix bug by xvge
bcf8ce2 HEAD@{3}: checkout: moving from master to hot_fix
bcf8ce2 HEAD@{4}: reset: moving to bcf8ce2
db6e563 HEAD@{5}: commit: del file2.txt
bcf8ce2 HEAD@{6}: commit: first reset
80cbf7f HEAD@{7}: reset: moving to 80cbf7f
b4a5442 HEAD@{8}: commit: modifiy file.txt
17acb24 HEAD@{9}: commit: add file3.txt
80cbf7f HEAD@{10}: commit: add file2.txt
e6442a4 HEAD@{11}: commit: modifiy file.txt
5f9adfe HEAD@{12}: commit (initial): add file.txt

• 合并代码时产生了冲突

# 修改 master 分支代码
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git branch -v
hot_fix 40376b9 fix bug by xvge
* master  40376b9 fix bug by xvge
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ vim file3.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git add .
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git commit -m “add festure by master”
[master cbd7ce1] add festure by master
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
# 修改 hot_fix 分支代码
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git branch -v
* hot_fix 40376b9 fix bug by xvge
master  40376b9 fix bug by xvge
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ vim file3.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git add .
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git commit -m “add feature by fix”
[hot_fix 6cceae3] add feature by fix
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
# 将 master 合并到 hot_fix 上
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git branch -v
* hot_fix 6cceae3 add feature by fix
master  cbd7ce1 add festure by master
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git merge master
Auto-merging file3.txt
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in file3.txt
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
# 解决冲突
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ vim file3.txt
Hi, FullStackDev.
fix this bug by xvge.
<<<<<<< HEAD
add festure by fix.
=======
add feature by master.
>>>>>>> master
# 提×××并
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git add .
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git commit -m “merge code by conflict”
[hot_fix 088f6c5] merge code by conflict

Git 与 GitHub 远程仓库交互

• 创建远程仓库 github.com，如果勾选Initialize this repository with a README 选项可能首次推送失败。

• 将 GitHub 地址保存到本地

niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git remote add origin https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git

• 查看本地保存了什么地址

niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git remote -v
origin  https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git (fetch)
origin  https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git (push)

• 将本地库推送到远程库

niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git push origin master
Username for ‘https://github.com’: xvGe
Password for ‘https://xvGe@github.com’:
Counting objects: 19, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (11/11), done.
Writing objects: 100% (19/19), 1.44 KiB | 52.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 19 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (2/2), done.
remote:
remote: Create a pull request for ‘master’ on GitHub by visiting:
remote:      https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit/pull/new/master
remote:
To https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git
* [new branch]      master -> master

• 克隆远程库（git clone）

niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ cd ../
niko@niko-notebook:~$ rm -rf StydyGit/
niko@niko-notebook:~$ git clone https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git
Cloning into ‘StudyGit’…
remote: Counting objects: 19, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (9/9), done.
remote: Total 19 (delta 2), reused 19 (delta 2), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (19/19), done.

• 拉取远程库（git pull和git fetch）

niko@niko-notebook:~$ git init StudyGit2  # 创建新项目
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/niko/StudyGit2/.git/
niko@niko-notebook:~$ cd StudyGit2/  # 进入项目目录
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ git remote add origin https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git# 添加地址
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ git fetch origin master  # 拉取项目
remote: Counting objects: 19, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (9/9), done.
remote: Total 19 (delta 2), reused 19 (delta 2), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (19/19), done.
From https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit
 * branch            master    -> FETCH_HEAD
 * [new branch]      master    -> origin/master
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ git branch -a    # 查看所有分支
  remotes/origin/master
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ git branch -r    # 查看远程分支
  origin/master
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ git merge origin/master  # 合并分支
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ ls
file.txt  file2.txt  file3.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ cd ../    # 返回上层
niko@niko-notebook:~$ git init StudyGit3  # 初始化一个项目
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/niko/StudyGit3/.git/
niko@niko-notebook:~$ cd StudyGit3/      # 进入项目目录
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit3$ git pull https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git  # 拉取项目
remote: Counting objects: 19, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (9/9), done.
remote: Total 19 (delta 2), reused 19 (delta 2), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (19/19), done.
From https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit
 * branch            HEAD      -> FETCH_HEAD
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit3$ ls
file.txt  file2.txt  file3.txt

git fetch和 git pull 的区别是，前者会创建新分支，需要合并操作，但是更加安全；后者直接修改本地代码。

跨团队协作

• 远程克隆仓库

• 团队拉取远程仓库修改并推送

niko@niko-notebook:~$ git init StudyGitHub
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/niko/StudyGitHub/.git/
niko@niko-notebook:~$ cd StudyGitHub/
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ git pull https://github.com/xv-niko/StudyGit.git
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ git remote add origin https://github.com/xv-niko/StudyGit.git
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ ls
file.txt  file2.txt  file3.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ echo “Desgin by B” >> file3.txt
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ git add .
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ git commit -m “add code”
[master 09003b9] add code
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ git push origin master
Username for ‘https://github.com’: xv-niko
Password for ‘https://xv-niko@github.com’:
Counting objects: 3, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 274 bytes | 68.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (2/2), completed with 2 local objects.
To https://github.com/xv-niko/StudyGit.git
 cbd7ce1..09003b9  master -> master

• 发起pull requests

• 项目所有者团队查看请求

• 合并代码

• 所有者团队合并到本地

niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ cd ../StudyGit
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit$ git pull origin master
remote: Counting objects: 4, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 4 (delta 2), reused 3 (delta 2), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (4/4), done.
From https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit
* branch            master    -> FETCH_HEAD
 cbd7ce1..0ca0905  master    -> origin/master
Updating cbd7ce1..0ca0905
Fast-forward
file3.txt | 1 +
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit$ cat file3.txt
Hi, FullStackDev.
fix this bug by xvge.
add feature by master.
Desgin by B

Git 工作流

• 集中式工作流
• Git Flow（常用）

• Forking 工作流

部署 GitLab 代码托管服务器

yum clean all && yum repolist all
yum install -y curl policycoreutils-Python openssh-server
systemctl enable sshd
systemctl start sshd
firewall-cmd –permanent –add-service=http  # 如果开启了防火墙执行
systemctl reload firewalld                  # 如果开启了防火墙执行
yum install postfix -y
systemctl enable postfix
systemctl start postfix
curl -sS https://packages.gitlab.com/install/repositories/gitlab/gitlab-ce/script.rpm.sh | bash
EXTERNAL_URL=”http://gitlab.example.com” yum install -y gitlab-ce
gitlab-ctl reconfigure    # 配置服务器
gitlab-ctl start          # 启动服务器

访问服务器地址即可，GitLab 服务器搭建指南：https://about.gitlab.com/installation/

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